What Is a Business Audit, and What Types of Audits Should You Be Ready For?

When most business owners hear the word “audit,” their thoughts automatically jump to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) auditing their business’s accounting for tax discrepancies. But an IRS tax audit isn’t the only type of audit that your business could face or should be prepared for.

Many businesses, particularly larger firms, conduct internal self-audits every year to ensure the accuracy of their books. External audits might be required if you’re applying for certain business certifications or programs. And yes, if your tax return has discrepancies, the IRS might select you for a tax audit.

In all cases, an audit is simply a quality control measure to ensure the accuracy of your financial records. We’ll cover the different types of small business audits here and explain why audits can be valuable to a company. 

How Can a Business Audit Benefit Your Company?

Most small business owners are intimidated at the thought of an audit, but an audit can actually help your business to be more productive and plan better for the future.

Here are some benefits of small business audits:

• Send a signal to investors and lenders – If you’re looking to raise capital for your business, having audited financial statements can boost confidence of investors and lenders in your company.
• Root out productivity killers – Doing an audit can help you spot fraud, employee theft, and operating inefficiencies. In turn, that can help you to achieve profitability or increase your profit margin.
• Make tax time easier – If you’ve self-audited your financial statements, filing small business taxes at year end will be a breeze. You also make things easier for your accountant, and save on the money that you have to pay them.
• Receive certifications – Certain business certifications, like ISO 9001 certification, require regular business audits. These certifications can increase business revenue and lower operating costs.

Ultimately, you should think of an audit as a quality control mechanism to improve your business’s efficiency. Business audits take time and money, but are often worth the boost to your business’s bottom line.

How Does A Small Business Audit Work?

We’ll provide more information below about different types of small business audits, but all business audits share some things in common. The auditor, whether that’s someone within your business or an external auditor, will do a thorough evaluation of your accounting books and financial statements.

You can either provide a physical copy of your books or set up the auditor with login access to your accounting software. The auditor usually will check a year’s worth of financial data. Ideally, your financial records—whether kept in physical files or electronically—should be well organized by year and category of income or expenses. Otherwise, an audit might take much longer than necessary.

When an audit is finished, you should receive an audit report. The audit report will contain a statement about the auditor’s identity, the scope of the audit, and whether the auditor found the company’s financial records to be accurate or not. Audit reports generally follow a certain structure to comply with generally accepted accounting principles.

Certain types of businesses are required to undergo regular audits. For example, public companies that are listed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) must conduct independent audits. The federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB) requires nonprofits that spend more than $750,000 in federal funds to undergo an independent audit.^[1] Some business insurance companies also require their clients to undergo an audit each year to make sure they are paying the right amount of premiums.

Types of Small Business Audits

An IRS audit might be the type that business owners are most familiar with, but it’s not the only type of audit.

You should be familiar with three main types of business audits:

Internal Audit

An internal audit is a self-audit that’s scheduled and conducted by a representative of your own company. Many businesses do an internal audit once per year to ensure the accuracy of their books and financial statements. An internal audit is for your own purposes; you don’t submit the results to an external organization.

Larger companies usually have audit departments, but a smaller business might employ just one or two people to conduct audits. Internal auditors don’t just check a business’s finances. They also check company policies, procedures, and processes to check compliance with internal guidance and federal, state, and local laws.

Public companies generally conduct internal audits to update shareholders and investors on how a company is performing. Even if you’re not a public company, internal audits can be an important way to catch operational issues.

External Audit

An external audit, also known an independent audit, is an audit that’s conducted by someone outside the organization. This is called an independent audit because the auditor has no loyalty or responsibility to the business that could create a conflict of interest.

Usually, businesses conduct independent external audits to comply with some kind of legal requirement. For example, the SEC and OMB require independent audits.

The external auditor will provide you with an audit report that follows generally accepted accounting principles. In their report, they’ll have to provide an opinion as to whether your company passed the audit. An auditor might take one of the following stances in a business audit:

• Clean opinion – The business’s books and financial statements accurately represent the company’s financial position.
• Qualified opinion – The auditor disagrees with some parts of the company’s financial records, but the audit was too limited in scope or access to come to a definitive conclusion.
• Adverse opinion – The auditor found that the business’s financial records materially misrepresent the company’s financial position.
• Disclaimer of opinion – In this type of report, the auditor doesn’t give any opinion on certain financial records. For example, if the auditor is retained to examine this year’s financial statements, they might use a disclaimer of opinion for prior year financial records.

If a company doesn’t receive a clean opinion, they might need to correct errors in their financial records and re-do the audit.

IRS Audit

An IRS audit occurs when the IRS finds potential errors in your tax return. Usually, the IRS schedules audits for tax returns that were filed in the last three years. For substantial errors, the IRS might go further back.

Several factors can trigger an IRS audit. If you take several deductions, claim losses for multiple years in a row, or report high income levels, these are all risk factors for an IRS audit. If you’re chosen for an IRS audit, you’ll be notified in writing. There are two types of IRS audits—correspondence and field audits.

A correspondence audit—the more common kind—is when the IRS sends you a letter describing the possible errors in your tax return. You can reply with documentation to support your position. Field audits are when you meet an IRS examiner at your place of business, accountant’s office, or local IRS office. The examiner will look through your financial records and books to see if they match up with the tax return and comply with tax laws.

The chance of being selected for an IRS audit is extremely low—less than 1% for most types of businesses. However, if you are selected, you should have your accountant, tax professional, or business attorney present during the audit.

Small Business Audits Are Not Something to Be Afraid Of

A small business audit is never fun, but there is no need to fear the possibility of one. In fact, an internal audit can be a welcome way to spot business inefficiencies and plan better for the future. Even external audits can help you stay on good terms with shareholders, investors, and lenders. As far as IRS audits go, they are nothing to fear either, as long as you are accurate about your income and deductions. At the end of the day, the best way to prepare for any business audit is to keep well organized financial records.

Article Sources:

1. CounsileofNonprofits.org. “Federal Law Audit Requirements“